The new conflagration in the Persian Gulf, the twelve-day war between Israel and Iran before the United States intervened with its bunker-buster bomb on the Fordow nuclear site, appeared to be a conflict between a State armed with nuclear weapons and one seeking to acquire them. There is talk of Benjamin Netanyahu’s gamble, which since October 7 th , 2023, has engaged Israel on seven war fronts and in a massacre in Gaza that has no end. But, in reality, Israel’s commitment to preventing nuclear proliferation in the Middle East is a long-term strategic decision shared by all its political currents and known as the Begin doctrine . Wars are part of the revisions of history in political theories and strategies; this also applies to the norms and doctrines of international law, the paper walls of the liberal conception of international relations that we already saw crumbling in the first Gulf War in 1991. The NPT, the Nuclear Non-Prolifer...