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Political Battles of European Leninism

Internationalism No. 73, March 2025 Page 1 Thirty years after the death of Arrigo Cervetto , we are publishing here the concluding passages of the introduction to his Opere Scelte (“Selected Works”) for the series Biblioteca Giovani (“Publications for young people”), soon to be published in Italian. The 1944-45 partisan war in Italy. The political battle within libertarian communism. The Korean War, and the watchword of “neither Washington nor Moscow”. The layoffs at the Ilva and Ansaldo factories, the political battle and trade union defence in the struggles of post-war restructuring. From 1953 onwards, the crisis of Stalinism, the 1956 Suez crisis, the Hungarian uprising, the 1957 Theses and the challenge of theory and strategy vis-à-vis the tendencies of unitary imperialism. The political struggle within Azione Comunista (“Communist Action”) and the Movimento della Sinistra Comunista (“Movement of the Communist Left”). From the 1950s to the early 1970s, t...
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The Double Nature of American Exceptionalism

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Special Issue, Page IV From the series Principles of Marxism Marx investigates the very complex relationship between abstractions and social development and concludes that the most general abstractions arise on the whole only with the most profuse concrete development, when one phenomenon is seen to be common to many, common to all . The abstraction of labour , as labour in general , is very ancient, but is just as modern a category as the relations which give rise to this simple abstraction . When the main activity is commerce, labour overlaps with the idea of making money. The physiocratic system, which sees land as the central source of wealth, instead points to agriculture as the form of labour par excellence (productive labour). Only with Adam Smith was there an immense advance , because he discarded any definiteness of the wealth-producing activity — for him it was labour as such...

The Method of Strategy

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Special Issue, Page III From the series Principles of Marxism Marx asserts that production plays a determinant role within a unity that includes the processes of circulation. In the fully developed form of Capital , the relationship between the relations of production and the relations of distribution is defined unequivocally. The so-called distribution relations, then, correspond to and arise from historically determined specific social forms of the process of production [...]. The historical character of these distribution relations is the historical character of production relations, of which they express merely one aspect. Capitalist distribution differs from those forms of distribution which arise from other modes of production, and every form of distribution disappears with the specific form of production from which it is descended and to which it corresponds. Historically determined relations ...

Marx’s Political Method

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Special Issue, Page II From the series Principles of Marxism The Grundrisse require a sustained effort of attention from the reader. Marx uses scientific abstractions and conceptual connections as analytical tools. In the Grundrisse , we shall follow the guiding thread of Marx’s method. Some critics, including those within the Marxist camp, see traces of Hegelian thought in Marx’s procedures in this work. Marx and Engels responded to these jibes, clarifying their relationship with Hegel. In the Afterword to the second edition of Capital , Marx wrote: My dialectic method is not only different from the Hegelian but is its direct opposite. To Hegel, the [...] process of thinking, which, under the name of ‘the Idea’, he even transforms into an independent subject, is the demiurgos of the real world [...]. With me, on the contrary, the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and transl...

The Need for Theoretical Rearmament

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Special Issue, Page I From the series Principles of Marxism In his Anti-Dühring , Engels dwells on the art of working with concepts , explaining that concepts are the results in which experiences are summarised . This art does not arise from innate gifts, intuition, or common sense, but rather depends on a general vision and a method of investigating reality, which Engels describes as real thought, [which] similarly has a long empirical history, not more and not less than empirical natural science . Commenting on this passage, Arrigo Cervetto wrote in February 1990: The thesis can be summarised in the formula of the necessity of theory. The results of experience are summarised in concepts, but without the art of working with concepts , of connecting them, selecting them, and comparing them, there is no theory . The Grundrisse notebooks represent Marx’s broad and system...

A Decade of Imbalances

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Page 16 No surprise: the US Supreme Court struck down Donald Trump's protectionist policy. He was not allowed to bypass Congress and impose tariffs through emergency procedures. Some see in this a vindication of the principle of checks and balances . The unchecked claims of the executive power – the presidency – have been pushed back by the highest expression of judicial power – the Supreme Court – which has returned the matter to the legislative power – Congress – to which the US Constitution grants authority over taxation. Everything seems to fall into place, yet liberals can easily shut themselves inside their paper labyrinths and thus lose sight of the clash of real forces which shape rules and institutions. For us Marxists, the plurality of powers reflects the plurality of interests of the dominant groups of capital, amid relentless battles that know no truce. ...

Uranium for the Russian Bomb

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Page 15 From the series Atom and industrialisation of science It was only after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in August 1945, that the Soviet Union became fully committed to the project of acquiring the atomic bomb. The alliance of the US, the UK, and the USSR Producing U-235 accounted for 64% of the total cost of the Manhattan Project, while plutonium production made up another 20%; in total, 84% of the expense went toward producing material for the atomic bombs, as against only 4% spent on research and development [ Lotta Comunista , July-August 2018]. In 1945, the most urgent problems to be resolved for Russian imperialism were not tied to the scientific knowledge required for the atomic bomb, but to uranium and its processing. During the Second World War, under the Lend-Lease Act passed on March 11th, 1941, the United States gave its allies food, oil, and supplies worth $46 billion ...

NVIDIA

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Page 14 From the series The telecommunications battle At the end of 2025, Nvidia, the Californian company founded and led by Jensen Huang, and producer of over 80% of the chips powering artificial intelligence (AI) development, was the most valuable company in the world. Its market capitalisation reached $4.532 trillion: 12% more than Apple, the next highest, and, furthermore, ten times Nvidia's level three years earlier, when ChatGPT made its international debut. The AI gold rush has turned into an astonishing windfall for businesses selling the necessary hardware, namely today's shovels and picks . Nvidia's revenue for 2025 is expected to exceed $210 billion; in five years it has grown eightfold. Net profits over the past three years will surpass $180 billion, more than 50% of total revenue. Experts of the ongoing competition explain that three conditions are required to achieve good resul...

India's Moment in the Race for Agreements

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Page 13 The Supreme Court has rejected Donald Trump's attempt to impose tariffs by invoking emergency powers. The ruling and the US president's counter-reaction, imposing a universal tariff of 10%, open up unpredictable scenarios. This will be discussed in the coming months, between now and the midterm elections. For the moment, this plunges all the agreements signed by the administration to date into uncertainty. Last June, we predicted a season of flourishing free-trade agreements in the winter of the crisis in the world order , in response to the tariff war declared by Trump against the whole world. Since then, the EU has announced agreements with Indonesia, the South American bloc Mercosur, and India: a historic hat-trick that will improve European access to markets with a combined population of 2 billion. The European Commission is pursuing other negotiations, especially in Asia, and is looking towards con...

The Pluralism of the Supreme Court

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Page 12 From the series Chronicles of the new American nationalism The Supreme Court has ruled that the emergency tariffs imposed by Donald Trump are illegal, striking down one of his key policies and affirming Congress's powers over foreign trade taxation. The group of companies and dozen States that had challenged the presidential decision have won their legal battle against the federal government. The ruling represents a severe political setback for the president, formally recognises the imbalance represented by his trade policy, and opens up a political battle to redirect it. As we write, just days after the ruling, Trump has already announced that he will resort to other legislative measures. The question remains open as to the extent to which the Supreme Court and Congress will balance the tariff weapon. Major questions doctrine The ruling, written by Chief Justice John Roberts and approv...