Supplementary Materials

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. 1   A. Cervetto, Class Struggles and the Revolutionary Party, éditions Science Marxiste 2000. First published as Lotte di classe e partito rivoluzionario by Lotta Comunista Editions and now in its 6^th edition (Milan 2004). The volume gathers together articles published in Azione Comunista from April to November 1964.
2. 2  Guido La Barbera, Introduction to the 2^nd edition of A. Cervetto’s Lotta Comunista (‘The Difficult Question of Times’), Lotta Comunista Editions, Milan 2010. Reproduced in English in Our Internationalist Struggle, éditions Science Marxiste (2011).
3. 3  Ibid.
4. 4  A. Cervetto, ‘The True Partition of the World between the USSR and the USA’. First published in Lotta Comunista, September-October 1968. Subsequently included in Imperialismo Unitario (Unitary Imperialism), Lotta Comunista Editions, Milan 1996.
5. 5  A. Cervetto, ‘Europe, Too, Aims at the Persian Gulf, Lotta Comunista 115, March 1989. Subsequently included in La Contesa Mondiale (The World Contest), Lotta Comunista Editions, Milan 1991.
6. 6  Ivi.
7. 7  Ibid.
8. 8  ‘Marx and Engels on the Question of Inter-State Relations’, Lotta Comunista 116, April 1980. Included in Unitary Imperialism, Vol. I, p. 7-11, éditions Science Marxiste (2014), cit., with The heading ‘the marxist theory of international relations’.
9. 9  Ivi.
10. 10  A. Cervetto, Quaderni 1981-1982 (Notebooks 1981-1982), now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
11. 11  A. Cervetto, Ricerche e Scritti (Notes and Researches), Lotta Comunista Editions, Milan 2005.
12. 12  A. Cervetto, ‘Il mito della resistenza tradita’ (The Myth of the Resistance Betrayed), 1964. Draft of an article that was never published, now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
13. 13  ‘La vita fortunata di Lorenzo Parodi’, Lotta Comunista 491/492, July/August 2011. English version published as ‘Lorenzo Parodi’s Fortunate Life’ in a Special Issue of Internationalist Bulletin, September 2011.
14. 14  Lorenzo Parodi, Memorie 1944-1968 (Memoirs 1944-1968), Genoa 2004. Unpublished.
15. 15  L. Parodi, Cronache Operaie (Working-class Chronicles), Lotta Comunista Editions, Milan 1974.
16. 16  ‘Lorenzo Parodi’s Fortunate Life’, cit.
17. 17   Ibid.
18. 18   Ibid.
19. 19  L. Parodi Memorie, cit.
20. 20   Ibid.
21. 21   Ibid.
22. 22  Verbal recollections of E. Ricci in July 2010.
23. 23  T. Borgogni Migani, Introduction to the Letters of Aldo Caprini to Tristano Codignola 1940-1968. Published in Italian by La Nuova Italia, Florence 1997.
24. 24  Pier Carlo Masini: entry in the Dizionario Biografico degli Anarchici Italiani (Biographical Dictionary of Italian Anarchists). 2 volume BSF edition, Pisa 2003 & 2004. See also Biographical Profiles in this book.
25. 25  Gruppo di iniziativa per un movimento orientato e federato (Action Group for the Establishment of a Directed and Federated Movement). Presentation given in Lazio in February 1950. Now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
26. 26  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 27^th April 1949.
27. 27  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 29^th April 1949.
28. 28  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 18^th May 1949.
29. 29  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 6^th June 1949.
30. 30  A. Cervetto, ‘Cronstadt: e dopo il silenzio...’ (Kronstadt: and Afterwards Silence...), Umanità Nova, 12^th June 1949.
31. 31  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 11^th July 1949.
32. 32  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 29^th July 1949.
33. 33  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 16^th November 1949.
34. 34  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, November 1949.
35. 35  Piattaforma Arsinov, Introduzione (Introduction to the Arshinov Platform), translation typewritten by P.C. Masini, now in the Lorenzo Parodi Archive, Genoa.
36. 36  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 21^st December 1949.
37. 37  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 7^th February 1950.
38. 38  Ibid.
39. 39  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 8^th February 1950.
40. 40  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 1^st March 1950.
41. 41  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, A. Vinazza, U. Scattoni, 12^th April 1950.
42. 42  Ibid.
43. 43  Ibid.
44. 44  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 18^th April 1950.
45. 45  S. Motosi, account of an interview with P.C. Masini, 2^nd March 1996, Bergamo. Now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
46. 46  A. Vinazza to A. Cervetto, 18^th April 1950.
47. 47  U. Scattoni to A. Cervetto, 22^nd April 1950.
48. 48  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 25^th April 1950.
49. 49  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 6^th May 1950.
50. 50  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 30^th May 1950.
51. 51  A. Cervetto, report on the Savona group, 19^th June 1950.
52. 52  A. Vinazza, report on the Sestri group, 24^th June 1950.
53. 53  L. Maitan to A. Cervetto, 13^th June 1950.
54. 54  L. Maitan to A. Cervetto, 15^th July 1950.
55. 55  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 31^st August 1950.
56. 56  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 2^nd September 1950.
57. 57  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto and others, 28^th September 1950.
58. 58  P.C. Masini, ‘Anarchici’, editorial in September-October 1950 issue of L’Impulso.
59. 59  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 31^st October 1950.
60. 60  Quoted in F. Bertolucci, G. Mangini in their notes for a biography of Masini, in Quaderni della rivista storica dell’anarchismo (Anarchist Historical Review) 3/2008.
61. 61  See R. Bertolucci Un anarchico a Carrara: Ugo Mazzucchelli (An Anarchist in Carrara: Ugo Mazzucchelli), 1988.
62. 62  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 7^th November 1950.
63. 63  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 29^th December 1950.
64. 64  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 4^th December 1950.
65. 65  Ibid.
66. 66  A. Cervetto, ‘Stages in the Struggle to Develop the Leninist Party in Italy’, August 1971. Handwritten notes now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
67. 67  A. Cervetto, ‘The Historical Experience of Crisis in the Leninist Party’, speech 28^th February 1976. Handwritten notes now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
68. 68  N.I. Bukharin, ‘Towards a Theory of the Imperialist State’, 1916.
69. 69  S. Motosi, account of an interview with P.C. Masini, 2^nd March 1996, cit.
70. 70  L. Parodi, speech on 28^th February 1976, on the occasion of the 25^th anniversary of the Genoa Pontedecimo meeting. Now contained in his book Critica del sindacato riformista (A Critique of Reformist Trade Unionism)
71. 71  Ibid.
72. 72  Ibid.
73. 73  National Anarchist Conference ‘For a Directed and Federated Movement’, L’Impulso November-December 1950. Draft notes for ‘Stages in the Struggle to Develop a Leninist Party in Italy’, cit.
74. 74  L’approdo (A Landing-place) in L’Impulso 3-4, March 1951.
75. 75  A. Cervetto, ‘Notebooks 1981-1982’, cit.
76. 76  A. Cervetto, ‘Politics of Imperialist Ideology’ in The Political Shell, p. 22. éditions Science Marxiste (2006). First appeared in Lotta Comunista 82, June 1977.
77. 77  A. Cervetto, ‘Strategy and Tactics about the Democratic Form’ in The Political Shell, p. 104, cit. First appeared in Lotta Comunista 108, August 1979.
78. 78  A. Cervetto, ‘The Political Forms of State Capitalism’ in The Political Shell, p. 118, cit. First appeared in Lotta Comunista 113, January 1980.
79. 79  A. Cervetto, ‘Imperialist Democracy’ in The Political Shell, p. 95, cit. First appeared in Lotta Comunista 105, May 1979.
80. 80  N.I. Bukharin, ‘Imperialism and World Economy’, written 1915 & 1917. First published in English International Publishers, 1929.
81. 81  N.I. Bukharin, ‘Towards a Theory of the Imperialist State’, 1916. In Selected Writings on the State and the Transition to Socialism, ed. R.B. Day, New York 1982, p. 31.
82. 82  Ibid. p. 13.
83. 83  Sbornik Sotsial-Demokrata, Bolshevik publication edited by the staff of Sotsial-Demokrat, organ of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party).
84. 84  V.I. Lenin to N.I. Bukharin, August 1916.
85. 85  V.I. Lenin, ‘The Youth International’, first published in Sbornik Sotsial-Demokrat, December 1916. In Collected Works, Volume 3.
86. 86  V.I. Lenin, notebook ‘Marxism on the State’.
87. 87  V.I. Lenin to A. Kollontai, 17^th February 1917. In Collected Works, cit., Vol. 35.
88. 88  V.I. Lenin to I. Armand, 19^th February 1917. In Collected Works, cit., Vol. 35.
89. 89  V.I. Lenin, State and Revolution. In Collected Works, cit., Vol. 25.
90. 90   Ibid.
91. 91   Ibid.
92. 92   Ibid.
93. 93   Ibid.
94. 94  N.I. Bukharin, ‘Towards a Theory of the Imperialist State’, 1916. Note on occasion of first publication in 1929 in Selected Writings on the State and the Transition to Socialism, cit. p. 33.
95. 95  V.I. Lenin, ‘Plan for an article On the Question of the Role of the State’. In Collected Works, cit., Vol. 41, Section 1914-1916.
96. 96  V.I. Lenin, ‘Preface to the Russian translation of Karl Marx’s letters to Dr. Kugelmann’, February 1907. In Collected Works, cit., Vol. 12.
97. 97  S.F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Russian Revolution: A Political Biography (1888-1938), London, Wildwood House, 1974.
98. 98  Ibid.
99. 99  V.I. Lenin to G.E. Zinoviev, October 1916. In Collected Works, Russian edition, Moscow 1970, Vol. 49.
100. 100  V.I. Lenin to I. Armand, 30^th November 1916. In Collected Works, cit., Vol. 35.
101. 101  V.I. Lenin to I. Armand, 19^th January 1917. In Collected Works, cit., Vol. 35.
102. 102  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 27^th April 1949.
103. 103  From the editorial staff of Prometeo to A. Cervetto, 27^th May 1949.
104. 104  Vercesi (Perrone Ottorino), ‘Democrazia parlamentare e democrazia popolare’ (Parliamentary Democracy and Popular Democracy), in Prometeo 9, 1948.
105. 105  See N.I. Bukharin in Imperialism and World Economy, quoted by Vercesi in the above article.
106. 106  G. Fabbrocino, ‘Per una critica rivoluzionaria del bordighismo’ (Towards a Revolutionary Critique of Bordiga), in Battaglia Comunista, October 1961.
107. 107  Alfa (A. Bordiga), ‘Ancora America’ (More on America) in Prometeo 8, November 1947.
108. 108  A. Orso (A. Bordiga), ‘Forza, violenza e dittatura nella lotta di classe’ (Force, Violence and Dictatorship in the Class Struggle) in Prometeo, Nos. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10: 1946-1948.
109. 109  ‘Sulla liquidazione dello Stato come apparato di classe: Tesi Programmatica’ (On Abolishing the State as a Class Apparatus: Theory and Programme), in L’Impulso January-February 1951.
110. 110  P.C. Masini, ‘I Gruppi Anarchici d’Azione Proletaria nella presente situazione politica’ (The Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action in the Current Political Situation), L’Impulso 3-4 March 1951.
111. 111  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 29^th December 1950.
112. 112  ‘Progetto di linea politica per la Conferenza Nazionale del GAAP’ (Projected Political Line for the GAAP National Conference), Livorno 20^th September 195O.
113. 113  See Onorio to Alfa, letter dated 23^rd July 1951. Quoted in O. Damen’s Amadeo Bordiga: Validità e limiti di un’esperienza della storia della ‘sinistra italiana’ (Amadeo Bordiga: Values and Limits of Experience in the History of the Italian Left) Epi, Milan, 1971.
114. 114  A. Cervetto, ‘Note on theory’, handwritten spring 1952, now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
115. 115  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 6^th April 1951.
116. 116  A. Cervetto, ‘The French 3^rd Front’, handwritten note, spring 1952, now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
117. 117  A. Dulphy, ‘La gauche et la guerre froide’ in Histoire des gauches en France, J.-J. Becker, G. Candar, La Découverte, Paris 2004.
118. l18 J.N. Jeanneney, J. Julliard, Le Monde de Beuve-Méry ou le métier d’Alceste, Le Seuil, Paris, 1979.
119. 119  See A. Dulphy, ‘La gauche et la guerre froide’, cit., p. 422.
120. 120  Ibid, p. 426.
121. 121  M. Pablo, La guerre qui vient, ‘Quatrième Internationale’ Publications, Paris, August 1952.
122. 122  D. Berry, G. Davranche, ‘Georges Fontenis’, Italian translation – Federation of Anarchist Communists.
123. 123  G. Fontenis, L’autre communisme. Histoire subversive du mouvement libertaire (Another Communism: A Subversive History of the Libertarian Movement), Editions Acratie, Paris 1990.
124. 124  S. Ninn, letter to Libertaire, 24^th August 1950. Quoted in the above.
125. 125  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto and A. Vinazza, 24^th November 1950.
126. 126  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 9^th December 1950.
127. 127  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 19^th December 1950.
128. 128  A. Cervetto, ‘Torna la guerra in Europa’ (War Returns to Europe) in Il Libertario, 8^th November 1950. Included in Unitary Imperialism, Vol I- p. 55, cit. Title: ‘From the «Asian Cauldron» to the German Stumbling-Block’
129. 129  A. Cervetto, Il convegno dei dodici: Riarmo tedesco (German Rearmament) in Il Libertario, 15^th November 1950. Included in Unitary Imperialism, Vol 1 – p. 61, cit. Title: ‘The Pleven Plan, an Episode in the Inter-imperialist Clashes’
130. 130  A. Cervetto, L’imperialismo è indivisibile (Imperialism Is Indivisibile) in Il Libertario, 22^nd November 1950. Included in Unitary Imperialism, Vol 1 – p. 58, cit. Title: ‘Imperialism is Indivisible, the USSR is Closely Linked to the United States’
131. 131  A. Cervetto, Mosca e Washington all’assalto in Cina (Moscow and Washington on the Attack in China) in Il Libertario, 29^th November 1950. Included in Unitary Imperialism, Vol I- p. 67, cit. Tide: ‘The Emergence of the «Chinese Question» as an Element Extraneous to the Cold War’
132. 132  A. Cervetto, E chi pensa al popolo Coreano?: Muore la Corea nella stretta dei liberatori (Who’s Thinking about the Korean People?: Korea’s Dying in the Grip of Its Liberators) in Il Libertario, 13^th December 1950. Included in Unitary Imperialism, Vol I- p. 67, cit. Tide: ‘Indivisible Imperialism: the Real Aggressor in Korea’
133. 133  A. Cervetto, L’intrigo diplomatico contro la libertà dei popoli (Diplomacy Intrigues against the Peoples’ Freedom) in Il Libertario, 20^th December 1950.
134. 134  A. Cervetto, Deciso il riarmo di Germania contro la volontà del popolo tedesco (German Rearmament Decision against the Will of the German People) in Il Libertario, 27^th December 1950. Included in Unitary Imperialism, Vol I- p. 64, cit. Tide: ‘The French “Fronde”’.
135. 135  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 9^th December 1950.
136. 136  Otto punti per il terzo fronte (Eight Points for the Third Front) in L’Impulso, May 1951.
137. 137  P.C. Masini, Contro il dispositivo imperialista terzo fronte rivoluzionario (Revolutionary Third Front against the Imperialist System) in L’Impulso, May 1951.
138. 138  P.C. Masini, Per un III Fronte anti-imperialista e rivoluzionario fulcro della resistenza popolare contro la guerra (An Anti-imperialist III Front to Channel Popular Opposition to the War) in Il Libertario, 10^th October 1951.
139. 139  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 4^th September 1951.
140. 140  L. Parodi, ‘Memoirs 1944-1968’, cit.
141. 141  A. Cervetto, ‘Totalitarianism: a Conversation with Santillan’ from a note that can be dated as between June 1951 and April 1952. Now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
142. 142  Ibid.
143. 143  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 10^th May 1952.
144. 144  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 13^th May 1952.
145. 145  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 19^th May 1952.
146. 146  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 22^nd May 1952.
147. 147  Second GAAP National Conference 1^st & 2^nd June 1952, Florence. Minutes now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
148. 148  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 4^th June 1952.
149. 149  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 7^th June 1952.
150. 150  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 4^th June 1952.
151. 151  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 7^th June 1952.
152. 152  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 18^th June 1952.
153. 153  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 5^th July 1952.
154. 154  A. Cervetto to A. Vinazza, 28^th August 1952.
155. 155  A. Cervetto, report on his visit to GAAP, Turin, 24^th September 1952.
156. 156  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto, 12^th October 1952.
157. 157  Ibid.
158. 158  A. Vinazza to P.C. Masini, 20^th October 1952.
159. 159  P.C. Masini to A. Vinazza, 22^nd October 1952.
160. 160  See L. Trotsky to Prometeo, Constantinople, 25^th September 1929.
161. 161  Ibid.
162. 162  See A. Cervetto, ‘The True Partition of the World between the USSR and the USA’, cit.
163. 163  A. Vinazza to R. Peretti, 5^th November 1952.
164. 164  A. Cervetto to P.C. Masini, 11^th December 1952.
165. 165  I.V. Stalin, ‘Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR’ (‘Ekonomiceskie problemy sotsializma V CCCP’), 1952.
166. 166  A. Calvi, Una vecchia novità (Old News), Il Mondo 18^th October 1952.
167. 167  L. Salvatorelli, Reciproco rispetto (Reciprocal Respect), La Stampa 15^th October 1952.
168. 168  G. Tomajuoli, Le ipotesi di Washington sulle ‘intenzioni’ di Stalin’ (Washington’s Hypotheses on Stalin’s ‘Intentions’), La Stampa 3^rd October 1952.
169. 169  A. Calvi, Il punto centrale (The Main Point), Il Mondo 25^th October 1952.
170. 170  R. Aron, Le Figaro 8th February 1949. In Raymond Aron: Les articles du Figaro, edited by G.H. Soutou.
171. 171  R. Aron, ‘Stalin Speaks’, Le Figaro 11^th-12^th October 1952.
172. 172  See ‘Onorio ad Alfa’ letter dated 23^rd July 1951 in O. Damen’s Amadeo Bordiga, cit.
173. 173  See ‘Alfa a Onorio’ letter dated 9^th July 1951 in O. Damen’s Amadeo Bordiga, cit.
174. 174  See ‘Onorio ad Alfa’ letter of 23^rd July 1951.
175. 175  E. Ricci, oral testimony July 2010.
176. 176  D.J. Dallin, ‘The Big Three: the United States, Britain, Russia’. Yale University Press, New Haven (Connecticut) 1945.
177. 177  Ibid pp. 1-8.
178. 178  Ivi.
179. 179  Ibid p.278.
180. 180  A. Liebich, ‘From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy After 1921’. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1999, pp. 307-309.
181. 181  A. Cervetto, Quaderni 1981-1982 (Notebooks 1981-1982), cit.
182. 182  A. Cervetto, The True Partition of the World between the USSR and the USA’, cit.
183. 183  A. Cervetto, Quaderni 1981-1982 (Notebooks 1981-1982), cit.
184. 184  D.J. Dallin, ‘Russia and Postwar Europe’, Yale University Press, New Haven (Connecticut) 1943, p. 119.
185. 185  A. Cervetto, handwritten note on D.J. Dallin’s Rusia y la Europa de posguerra, 1968, now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
186. 186  A. Cervetto The True Partition of the World between the USSR and the USA’, cit.
187. 187  P. Renouvin, Storia della Politica Mondiale (A History of World Politics), Vallecchi, Florence, 1960.
188. 188  A. Cervetto, handwritten notes in Imperialismo russo ed Europa centrale e balcanica (Russian Imperialism and Central and Balkan Europe), 1968. Notes to P. Renouvin’s Storia della Politica Mondiale above. Now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
189. 189  Ibid.
190. 190  A. Cervetto, Strategia (Strategy): handwritten notes 1973, now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
191. 191  A. Cervetto, Analisi scientifica, strategia e partito in Marx-Engels (Scientific Analysis, Strategy and the Party in Marx and Engels), handwritten notes 1969. Now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
192. 192  In Azione Comunista, December 1963 and February 1964.
193. 193  A. Cervetto, Convergenze e contrasti dell’imperialismo unitario (Convergences and Clashes in Unitary Imperialism), in Lotta Comunista 190, June 1986. Subsequently included in La Contesa Mondiale (The World Contest), cit.
194. 194  Ibid.
195. 195  Ibid.
196. 196  A. Cervetto, Un parziale bilancio della nuova contesa (A Partial Balance of the New Contest), handwritten for a lecture on 9th June 1986. Now in the Arrigo Cervetto Archive, Savona.
197. 197  A. Cervetto, Convergenze e contasti dell’imperialismo unitario (Convergences and Clashes in Unitary Imperialism), cit. Subsequently included in La Contesa Mondiale (The World Contention), cit.
198. 198  Ibid.
199. 199  Ivi.
200. 200  A. Cervetto, Un parziale bilancio della nuova contesa (A Partial Balance of the New Contest), handwritten for a lecture on 9^th June 1986, cit.
201. 201  A. Cervetto, Riappare il fantasma di Yalta nella Polonia della nuova contesa (The Ghost of Yalta Reappears in the Poland of the New Contest). In Lotta Commista 137, January 1982. Subsequently included in La Contesa Mondiale (The World Contest).
202. 202  A. Cervetto, Quaderni 1981-1982 (Notebooks 1981-1982), cit.
203. 203  Ibid.
204. 204  P.C. Masini to A. Cervetto and L. Parodi, 2^nd June 1958.

NEWSPAPERS OF THE WORKERS REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT QUOTED IN THE BOOK

• Adunata dei refrattari (L’) (The Call of the Rebels), an anarchist periodical in the Italian language published in New York from 1922 to 1971.
• Azione Comunista (Communist Action).
• Battaglia Comunista (Communist Battle).
• Gioventù anarchica (Anarchist Youth), a periodical published in Tuscany in 1946-1947.
• Impulso (L’) (Impulse), the official newspaper of the Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action – GAAP (1949-1957).
• Jeunesse anarchiste (Anarchist Youth), the official newspaper of the French Federation of Libertarian/Anarchist Youth (1946-1947).
• Libertaire (Le) (The Libertarian), the official newspaper of the French Anarchist Federation – FA (1944-1953); subsequently the official newspaper of the French Libertarian Communist Federation – FCL (1953-1956).
• Libertario (Il) (The Libertarian), the official newspaper of the Lombard Libertarian Communist Federation (Italy) (1945-1961).
• Programma Comunista (Il) (The Communist Programme).
• Prometeo (Prometheus).
• Umanità Nova (New Human Race), founded by Errico Malatesta in 1920 as the official newspaper of the Italian Anarchist Union and banned by Fascism in 1922; it reappeared in 1945 as the official newspaper of the Italian Anarchist Federation – FAI.
• Volontà (Will), an anarchist periodical published in Naples and then in Genoa from 1946 to 1996.

GLOSSARY

• CGIL, Confederazione generale italiana del lavoro (Italian General Confederation of Labour), the main trade union in Italy.
• CNL, Comitato di liberazione nazionale (Committee of National Liberation): the political body of the Italian Resistance, grouping together all the bourgeois and worker-bourgeois antifascist parties.
• CPSU, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Soviet State-Party.
• DC, developing country.
• EDC, European Defence Community (1952-1954).
• ECM, European Common Market (1957-1993), one of the parts of the EEC.
• ECSC, European Coal and Steel Community (1951-2001).
• FA, Fédération anarchiste de France (French Anarchist Federation).
• FAI, Federazione Anarchica Italiana (Italian Anarchist Federation).
• FCI, Fédération communiste libertaire (France) (Libertarian Communist Federation).
• FIOM, Federazione impiegati e operai metalmeccanici (Federation of Metal Workers Employees), a trade union belonging to the CGIL.
• GAAP, Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action.
• Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom), an Italian political movement of liberalsocialist bent founded in France in 1929. In 1942 it founded the Partito d’Azione (Action Party), which was dissolved in 1948.
• Gruppi comunisti rivoluzionari – GCR (Revolutionary Communist Groups) – RCG: an Italian Trotskyist organisation (1950-1975).
• LN, League of Nations (1919-1946).
• MLI, Movimento lavoratori italiani (Italian Workers Movement), an organisation of ‘Titoist’ inspiration, founded in 1951 by two deputies (Cucchi and Magnani) who had been expelled from the PCI; it was dissolved in 1953.
• MRP, Mouvement républicain populaire (Popular Republican Movement), of Catholic inspiration (France).
• NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (1949).
• OPB, Organisation-Pensée-Bataille (Organisation, Thought, Battle).
• PCF, Parti communiste français (French Communist Party), the Stalinist Party in France.
• PCI, Partito comunista italiano (Italian Communist Party), the Stalinist Party in Italy.
• PCint, Partito comunista internazionalista (Internationalist Communist Party), Italy.
• Peace Committees, a pacifist movement organised in various European countries from 1949 on; headed by Cominform and the Stalinist Parties, it was actually one of the tools at the disposal of the Soviet Union’s imperialist policy.
• PSI, Partito Socialista Italiano (Italian Socialist Party).
• SDI, Strategic Defense Initiative, United States.
• SFIO, Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière (French Section of the Workers’ International), the name of the French Socialist Party from 1905 to 1969.
• UAPD, Unabhängige Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (Independent Workers’ Party of Germany), a German Titoist formation founded in 1950 and dissolved in 1952.
• UNO, United Nations Organisation (1948).
• Zimmerwald: a conference held by the representatives of the revolutionary internationalist and centrist (pacifist) fractions of the European parties of the Second International in the Swiss village of Z., from 5^th to 8^th September 1915, during WWI. Lenin presented a ‘draft resolution’ calling on the socialists to turn the imperialist war between the peoples into a civil war of the oppressed classes. The resolution was rejected by the centrist majority; the minority that approved it formed the ‘Zimmerwald Left’.

MAPS

1. 1.  Map of the urban districts of Genoa.

2. 2.  Map of the region of Liguria.

3. 3.  Map of the Italian cities mentioned or where GAAP was present.

INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES

• A
  • Alfa, cf. Bordiga, Amadeo
  • Amendola, Giorgio – 106
  • Armand, Inessa Fyodorovna – 118, 123, 258, 259
  • Aron, Raymond – 156, 195, 197, 198, 262
  • Arrighetti, Luciano – 54
  • Arshinov, Peter Andreyevich – 61, 64, 120, 256
  • Ascaso, Francisco – 163
  • Attlee, Clement Richard – 20, 157
• B
  • Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich – 71, 75, 80, 119
  • Becker, Jean-Jacques – 260
  • Bernstein, Eduard – 117
  • Berry, David – 265
  • Bertolucci, Franco – 257
  • Bertolucci, Rosaria – 257
  • Beuve-Méry, Hubert (Sirius) – 145, 146, 147, 156, 260
  • Bevan, Aneurin (Nye) – 17, 20, 145, 148, 158, 161, 181, 186, 187
  • Bismarck, Otto von – 24
  • Bistoni, Vittor Ugo – 54
  • Blum, Léon – 148
  • Bogliani, Antonio (Ombra) [Shadow] – 19, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 54
  • Bonaparte, Louis ( Napoleon III) – 14, 223
  • Bordiga, Amadeo – 15, 25, 26, 49, 50, 58, 59, 67, 83, 95-99, 101, 102, 111, 126-130, 138, 139, 153, 154, 170, 172, 176, 177, 178, 198, 200, 208, 233, 234, 241, 244, 245, 251, 252, 259, 260, 262
  • Borgese, Pasquale – 54
  • Borgogni, Migani Tiziana – 256
  • Bourdet, Claude – 149
  • Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich – 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 111-123, 125-128, 130, 131, 257, 258, 259
• C
  • Calvi, Antonio – 195, 196, 197, 262
  • Candar, Gilles – 260
  • Capitini, Aldo – 48
  • Carr, Edward Hallett – 218
  • Cervetto, Arrigo – 4, 10, 14-17, 19, 20, 24-28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 47-50, 52, 54, 57-85, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96-100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 120, 122, 125-130, 132, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 146, 151-155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 169-180, 182-189, 193, 195, 196, 197, 200-205, 207, 208, 211-224, 226-230, 233-240, 244, 245, 249, 251, 252, 255-264
  • Codignola, Tristano – 48, 256
  • Cohen, Stephen Frand – 122, 123, 259
  • Croce, Benedetto – 67, 68
  • Cronin, Archibald Joseph – 58
  • Cucchi, Aldo – 17, 20, 158, 176, 266
  • Cunow, Heinrich – 130
• D
  • Daladier, Édouard – 183, 188
  • Dallin, David – 202-208, 216-219, 262, 263
  • Damen, Onorato – 127, 139, 170, 176, 177, 186, 198, 200, 251, 260, 262
  • Davranche, Guillaume – 260
  • Day, Richard B. – 258
  • De Gasperi, Alcide – 19
  • Del Nista, Sirio – 54
  • Dulles, John Foster – 203
  • Dulphy, Anne – 149, 260
  • Durruti Dumange, Buenaventura – 163
• E
  • Einaudi, Luigi – 67
  • Eisenhower, Dwight David (Ike) – 20, 170, 196
  • Engels, Friedrich – 16, 23, 25, 58, 73, 78, 107, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 121, 124, 211, 214-217, 221, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 238, 243, 245, 255, 263
  • Ernestan (Tanrez Ernest) – 177
• F
  • Fabbrocino, Gennaro – 259
  • Failla, Alfonso – 54
  • Fejtő, François – 217
  • Ferrario, Achille – 54
  • Filosofo, Mario – 54
  • Fontenis, Georges – 141, 144, 152, 153, 159, 260
  • Fortichiari, Bruno – 251
  • Franco y Bahamonde, Francisco – 20
• G
  • Gamba, Lorenzo – 54
  • García Fernández, Sinesio Baudilio (Diego Abad de Santillán) – 164, 261
  • Gaulle, Charles de – 145, 146, 148, 181,235
  • Giacomelli, Marco – 54
  • Gorky, Maxim (Alexei Maximovich Peshkov) – 58
  • Gorter, Herman – 69, 70, 102
  • Gramsci, Antonio – 16, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71-75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 98, 99, 101, 164
  • Grassini, Emilio – 43,44
  • Grassini, Vero, – 43, 44
• H
  • Habsburg – 218
  • Herriot, Edouard Marie – 183, 188
  • Hilferding, Rudolf – 122
  • Hitler, Adolph – 194, 207, 218, 249
  • Hobbes, Thomas – 115
  • Huxley, Aldous Leonard – 164
• J
  • Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold – 249
  • Jeanneney, Jean-Noël – 147, 260
  • Julliard, Jacques – 147, 260
• K
  • Kautsky, Karl – 117, 118, 129, 235, 237, 243
  • Kelsen, Hans – 130
  • Kennan, George Frost – 198, 201
  • Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich – 243
  • Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna – 117, 258
  • Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich – 44
  • Kugelmann, Ludwig – 121, 259
• L
  • Labriola, Antonio – 67, 68, 73
  • Labriola, Arturo – 188
  • Lassalle, Ferdinand – 24
  • Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) – 11, 13, 14, 16, 23, 24, 43, 57-63, 65, 67-77, 79, 80, 82, 89, 90, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 111, 112, 113, 115-126, 128-132, 137, 138, 165, 171, 173, 178, 184, 189, 198, 204, 205, 208, 214-216, 227, 228, 230, 233, 237, 243, 245, 258, 259, 267
  • Liebich, Andre – 262
  • Lizzani, Carlo – 107
  • Lizzari, Vanda – 54
  • Luxemburg, Rosa – 69, 70, 102, 122, 123, 189
• M
  • MacArthur, Douglas – 20
  • Machiavelli, Niccolò – 67, 74
  • Maffi, Bruno – 127, 172
  • Magnani, Valdo – 17, 20, 158, 176, 266
  • Maitan, Livio – 77, 78, 81, 177, 251, 252, 257
  • Malatesta, Errico – 61, 69, 71, 75, 80, 84, 265
  • Malenkov, Georgij Maksimilianovič – 20, 180, 181, 185, 189, 193
  • Mandel, Ernest (Germain) – 77, 95
  • Mangini, Giorgio – 257
  • Mantovani, Mario – 52, 71, 153
  • Mao Zedong – 20, 92, 156, 235
  • Mariani, Giovanni – 47
  • Marshall, George Catlett – 19, 106, 194
  • Martinet, Gilles – 149
  • Marx, Karl – 11, 14, 16, 23, 24, 25, 33, 57-59, 61, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74-76, 78, 80, 89, 111, 113-116, 121, 122, 126, 178, 189, 211, 214-217, 221, 223, 225-229, 238, 243, 245, 246, 255, 259, 263
  • Marzocchi, Umberto – 41, 52, 57
  • Masini, Pier Carlo – 15-17, 19, 20, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50-52, 54, 57-67, 69, 70, 72-77, 79-85, 89, 98, 99, 102-104, 106, 111, 120, 125-127, 131, 138, 141, 146, 151-154, 158-162, 169-171, 174-176, 180-189, 193, 195, 196, 229, 233, 245, 246, 251, 252, 256, 257, 259, 260-262, 264
  • Mazzucchelli, Ugo – 84, 85, 257
  • Mehring, Franz – 216
  • Micco, Claudio – 54
  • Molè, Enrico – 188
  • Mollet, Guy – 145, 148
  • Motosi, Sergio – 257
  • Mussolini, Benito – 19, 165
• N
  • Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte) – 223
  • Navolini, Aldo – 54
  • NB, cf. Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich
  • Nehru, Pandit Jawaharlal – 154
  • Nenni, Pietro – 17, 73, 197
  • Ninn, Serge – 260
  • Nino, cf. Bogliani, Antonio
  • Nitti, Francesco Saverio – 188
• O
  • Onorio, cf. Damen Onorato
  • Orso A., cf. Bordiga, Amadeo
• P
  • Pablo, Michel (Michalis Raptis) – 77, 95, 149, 260
  • Pagano, Piero – 54
  • Palmerston, Henry John Temple – 23, 217, 223, 229
  • Pannekoek, Alan – 102
  • Pannunzio, Mario – 77, 145
  • Parisotto, Piero (Alce) [Moose] – 34, 36, 40, 41
  • Parodi, Bartolomeo – 42
  • Parodi, Lorenzo – 10, 15, 17, 19, 20, 41-45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 62, 90, 103, 104, 144, 153, 162, 174, 229, 256, 258, 261, 264
  • Peretti, Roberto – 262
  • Perrone, Ottorino (Vercesi) – 49, 101, 102, 126, 127, 128, 259
  • Pinay, Antoine – 182, 183, 198
  • Pitigrilli, (Segre, Dino) – 162
  • Pittaluga, Antonio (Tugnin) – 44
  • Pjatakov, Yuri (Georgy) Leonidovich – 102, 122, 123
  • Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich – 67, 121
  • Pleven, René – 20, 157, 260
  • Preobraženskij, Evgenij Alekseevič – 127
  • Pressato, Aldo – 15, 45, 46
  • Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph – 119, 121
• R
  • Radek, Karl (Berngardovich Sobel-sohn) – 102, 122, 123, 125
  • Reagan, Ronald Wilson – 239
  • Renouvin, Pierre – 216, 217, 221, 224, 226, 263
  • Ricci, Ettore – 46, 256, 262
  • Roosevelt, Franklin Delano – 249
  • Russell, Bertrand Arthur William – 164
• S
  • Tito (Josip Broz) – 17, 82, 83, 145, 158, 161
  • Salvatorelli, Luigi – 195, 196, 262
  • Santillán, Diego Abad de, cf. Fernández, Sinesio Garcia
  • Scattoni, Ugo – 15, 50, 51, 54, 70-74, 103, 105, 189, 257
  • Schumacher, Kurt – 145
  • Schuman, Robert – 20, 155
  • Seniga, Giulio (Nino) – 251
  • Sessarego, Agostino – 44
  • Silone, Ignazio (Secondino Tranquilli) – 145
  • Sinigaglia, Oscar – 45
  • Sirius, cf. Beuve-Méry, Hubert
  • Sola, Elia (Bomba) [Bomb] – 36
  • Soutou, Georges-Henri – 262
  • Spadolini, Giovanni – 67
  • Spinelli, Altiero – 145, 195
  • Stalin (Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) – 14, 20, 41, 60, 68, 77, 78, 83, 129, 144, 153, 173, 174, 180, 186, 187, 193, 195-198, 207, 208, 249, 262
  • Steinbeck, John – 58
  • Stéphane, Roger (Roger Worms) – 149
  • Sweezy, Paul Marlor – 189
  • Toccafondo, Vincenzo – 44
  • Togliatti, Palmiro – 19, 43, 48, 185
  • Tomajuoli, Gino – 262
  • Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronshtein) – 39, 67, 69, 77, 83, 154, 185, 262
  • Truman, Harry Spencer – 20, 144, 153, 157, 173, 174
  • Turroni, Pio – 153
• T
  • Tasca, Angelo – 77
• V-W
  • Varga, Eugen Samuilovich ‘Jenő’ – 241, 243, 244
  • Vercesi, cf. Perrone Ottorino
  • Vignale, Aldo – 44, 54
  • Vittorini, Elio – 58
  • Wehner, Herbert – 185
• Y-Z
  • Yoshida, Shigeru – 182
  • Zinoviev (Radomyslovsky Apfelbaum), Grigory Yevseevich – 123, 259

BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILES

• Amendola, Giorgio (1907-1980). Son of the Liberal and Aventine politician Giovanni Amendola, he joined the PCI in 1929, becoming one of its main leaders during the Resistance and the post-WWII period.
• Armand, Inessa Fyodorovna (1874-1920). A Russian revolutionary, responsible for women’s issues in the Bolshevik Party Central Committee (1919-1920).
• Aron, Raymond (1905-1983). A French sociologist, a Le Figaro columnist for decades, of Euro-Atlantic bent, a theoretician of international politics, and leader of the liberal current.
• Arshinov, Peter Andreyevich (1887-1937). A Russian metalworker, he was close to the Bolsheviks in his youth, but then turned to anarchism. During the Revolution he militated in the Ukrainian Makhnovist Movement. Emigrating to the West, in Paris in 1926 he presented the Platform that bears his name and sums up the positions of the organisational currents of the anarchist movement. He was shot after his return to the USSR.
• Ascaso, Francisco (1901-1936). A Spanish anarchist and Secretary of the Catalonian Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) (1934), he was killed during the Spanish Civil War.
• Attlee, Clement Richard (1883-1967). British Labour Prime Minister (1945-51) and promoter of British nuclear armament (1952).
• Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876). A Russian revolutionary and the leading exponent of anarchism in the First International.
• Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932). A German social democrat and theoretician of revisionism.
• Beuve-Méry, Hubert (Sirius) (1902-1989). A French journalist and founder of Le Monde (1944).
• Bevan, Aneurin (Nye) (1897-1960). A British trade union leader belonging to the Labour Left; Minister of Health and Housing in the Attlee government, which he left in 1951 in protest at the increase in military spending.
• Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898). A Prussian statesman and chancellor from 1862, he brought about the unification of Germany in 1871.
• Blum, Léon (1872-1950). A French socialist and Prime Minister in the Popular Front governments (1936-37 and 1938).
• Bogliani, Antonio (Ombra) [Shadow] (1927-1973). A Savonese worker and childhood friend of Cervetto’s, he fought in the Resistance by contributing to the preparation of the 1943-44 strikes, and subsequently fighting in the urban and mountain partisan groups. He was one of the original group that adhered to libertarian communism immediately after WWII and that founded Lotta Comunista in 1965.
• Bonaparte Louis (Napoleon III) (1808-1873). Prince-President in 1849, proclaimed Emperor of the French in 1852 by a referendum held subsequent to his December 1851 coup; to re-establish France in her role as a great power, he exploited the nationalism of the oppressed peoples against the dominant powers.
• Bordiga, Amadeo (1889-1970). A Marxist theoretician and revolutionary leader. One of the founders and most representative personality of the group that led the Communist Party of Italy founded in Livorno in 1921, he was expelled from the Party by the Stalinists in 1930. His essay Economic and Social Structure of Russia Today, published in the International Communist Party newspaper Il Programma Comunista between 1955 and 1959, was a milestone in the analysis of State capitalism in the USSR and in the struggle against Stalinism.
• Bourdet, Claude (1900-1996). A French engineer, linked to the Social Catholic Movement, he worked in the Popular Front Economy Ministry in 1939 and subsequently became one of the Resistance leaders, the editor of Combat and one of the founders of L’Observateur in 1950.
• Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (1888-1938). A Bolshevik leader and Marxist theoretician, he was a member of the Bolshevik Party Central Committee from August 1917, and then of the Third International executive from 1919, holding the position of Chairman from 1926 to 1929. Caught up in the Stalinist purges of the 1930s, he was killed at the end of the third of the Moscow ‘show trials’.
• Calvi, Antonio (1914-1978). A journalist and member of the Italian Liberal Movement in Milan in 1943-44, he joined the Republican Party in 1946, editing the Party’s newspaper until 1953. He collaborated with Mario Pannunzio’s Il Mondo, writing the pro-Atlanticist international political column ‘Twentieth Century’.
• Capitini, Aldo (1899-1968). A professor of pedagogy and critic of the Concordat, he fought in the Resistance as a liberal-socialist. A believer in non-violence, he was the promoter and organiser of the Assisi peace march (1961).
• Carr, Edward Hallett (1892-1982). A British historian and journalist, he was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and Foreign Office First Secretary in 1933-36. Belonging to the realist school, he specialised in the history of the Soviet Union.
• Cervetto, Arrigo (1927-1995). A Marxist theoretician, founder of Lotta Comunista and its leader until his death.
• Codignola, Tristano (1913-1981). Publisher of La Nuova Italia, an exponent of the liberal-socialist movement and leader of the Florentine Resistance, he was one of the founders of the Action Party (1942) and of Socialist Unity (1948), which would intervene in the variegated libertarian world. A PSI adherent from 1957 and the author of the ‘Appeal’ to the socialists to oppose the Craxi line, he was expelled from it in 1981.
• Cohen, Stephen Frand (1938- ). A professor at Princeton University (1968-98), scholar of Russian studies and Bukharin’s biographer.
• Croce, Benedetto (1866-1952). A philosopher, historian and man of letters, an exponent of idealist historicism and theoretician of liberalism.
• Cronin, Archibald Joseph (1896-1981). A Scottish novelist and author of The Stars Look Down (1935) and The Citadel (1937).
• Cucchi, Aldo (1911-1983). A doctor, partisan and second in command of the ‘Bologna’ division. A PCI deputy, he was expelled for ‘Titoism’ and founded the Movimento Lavoratori Italiani (MLI) together with Magnani.
• Cunow, Heinrich (1862-1936). A German social democrat, publisher (1898) and editor of the Neue Zeit (1917); as a deputy he backed the social-imperialist pro-war position.
• Daladier, Edouard (1884-1970). Leader of the French Radical Party, minister and Prime Minister in the ‘20s and ‘30s. In 1934, together with the PCF and the SFIO, the Socialist Party, he formed the Popular Front that won the elections in 1936 and governed until 1940. In 1938 Chamberlain and he signed the Munich Agreement with Hitler. In 1952 he opposed the European Defence Community.
• Dallin, David (1889-1962). A Russian Menshevik and member of the Moscow Soviet (1918-21), he sought refuge first in Germany and then in the USA; the author of works on international relations, he belonged to the realist school.
• Damen, Onorato (1894-1979). A member of the abstentionist fraction of the PSI, he was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Italy. A leader of the workers’ struggles against Fascism in Tuscany in 1920, together with Fortichiari and Bordiga he founded the ‘Committee of Accord’ – which grouped together the opponents of the Party’s Stalinist drift – in 1925: this was subsequently dissolved at the request of the International. Sentenced by the Fascist Special Tribunal for the Security of the State to twelve years in jail, he was expelled from the PCI during his jail sentence, as were most of the left-wing fraction of the Party. In 1943 he was one of the promoters of the founding of the International Communist Party, broke with Bordiga in 1952, and founded Battaglia Comunista.
• Dulles, John Foster (1888-1959). American Secretary of State under Republican President Eisenhower (1953-59), he favoured a resolute policy of Soviet containment.
• Dulphy,Anne. A French historian at the Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po, Paris, and a specialist in international relations.
• Durruti Dumange, Buenaventura (1896-1936). A Spanish anarchist and important exponent of the Federación Anarquista Ibèrica; he was one of the protagonists of the Barcelona resistance to Franco’s coup d’état and took part in the defence of Madrid, where he died in obscure circumstances, perhaps killed by the Stalinists.
• Einaudi, Luigi (1874-1961). A liberal economist, in the ‘40s and ‘50s he was a member of the Constituent Assembly, governor of the Bank of Italy, Finance Minister and President of the Republic.
• Eisenhower, Dwight David (Ike) (1890-1969). General and Republican US President (1953-61) during the central phase of the ‘cold war’.
• Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895). The founder, together with Marx, of historical materialism and scientific communism, and a leader of the international workers’ movement.
• Ernestan (Tanrez Ernest) (1898-1954). A Belgian anarchic intellectual and exponent of libertarian and anti-Leninist socialism; a collaborator with the international anarchist press, he was interned in Breendonk, a Nazi concentration camp.
• Fejto, François (1910-2008). A Hungarian social democrat, he took refuge in Paris in 1938. A historian and journalist, a scholar of the East European countries in the post-Yalta period, and an expert on East-West relations, he was a professor at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques of Paris.
• Fontenis, Georges (1920-2010). A French anarchist and teacher, he played an active part in the underground trade union movement during the war. Leader of the Fédération Anarchiste (subsequently Fédération Communiste Libertaire) until 1956 and editor of Le Libertaire, he founded the Mouvement Communiste Libertaire in 1969.
• Fortichiari, Bruno (1892-1980). Secretary of the Piacenza Trades Council in 1912 and then of the Milanese PSI branch. He presented the constitutive motion of the Communist Party of Italy at Livorno and chaired the new Party’s steering committee; removed from office by the Stalinists in the second half of the ‘20s, he was expelled from the Party in 1929 while in jail. Returning to the PCI in 1943, he left it in 1956 when the Russians invaded Hungary. With Azione Comunista he was one of the founders of the Movement of the Communist Left.
• Garcia Fernandez, Sinesio Baudilio (Diego Abad de Santillán) (1897-1983). A Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, active in Spain, Argentina and Mexico, where he founded various newspapers. Secretary of the Federación Anarquista Ibèrica, he fought in the Spanish Civil War in Catalonia, where he organised the militia; Minister for Economic Affairs in 1936-1937.
• Gaulle, Charles de (1890-1970). General and statesman. Taking refuge in London after France was defeated in 1940, he became the leader of Free France and the head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944-1946). He founded the Fifth Republic and was its President from 1958 to 1969.
• Gorky, Maxim (Alexei Maximovich Peshkov) (1868-1936). A Russian writer, he took part in the 1905 and 1917 Russian Revolutions.
• Gorter, Herman (1864-1927). A Dutch internationalist, he founded the newspaper of the Dutch social-democratic left, De Tribune (1907). He sided with the Zimmerwald Left; a supporter of councilist positions, he disagreed with Lenin over his conception of the Party.
• Gramsci, Antonio (1891-1937). A communist thinker and leader, the founder of L’Ordine Nuovo (Turin 1919) and Secretary of the Communist Party of Italy (1924). Arrested in 1926 and sentenced to twenty years in jail in 1928, he would be freed shortly before his death.
• Grassini, Emilio (1884-1952). A member of a well-known family of Genoese anarchists, the organiser of underground activity during Fascism, the political commissar of the ‘Malatesta’ Brigade of the Patriotic Action Squads, and the compiler of the documents of the Workers’ Single Front, he introduced Lorenzo Parodi to libertarian communism.
• Grassini, Vero (1912-1999). Emilio’s son, he was one of Lorenzo Parodi’s workmates at Ansaldo Meccanico, Genoa Sampierdarena. He played an active part in the Malatesta Group (Genoa Pegli) and the Genoese Anarchist Federation.
• Habsburg. A dynasty that reigned over Austria (1278-1918) and whose head was often crowned as Holy Roman Emperor (1452-1806).
• Herriot, Edouard Marie (1872-1957). Leader of the French Radical Party and Prime Minister on various occasions between 1924 and 1932. In 1940 he abstained from the vote that gave Pétain full power and was deported to Germany in 1942. In 1952-54 he opposed the formation of the European Defence Community.
• Hilferding Rudolf (1877-1941). A Austrian social democrat, exponent of Austro-Marxism, and author of Finance Capital. An MP and Finance Minister (1923, 1928-29). Taking refuge in France, he was handed over to the Gestapo by the Vichy police.
• Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945). The founder of National Socialism and dictator of the Third Reich.
• Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679). An English philosopher, one of the greatest theoreticians of the State, a supporter of absolutism and systemiser of Baconian materialism. His main work, Leviathan, was published in 1651.
• Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894-1963). An English writer and author of Brave New World, a critique of productivist society and the totalitarian State.
• Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold (1923-2014). Head of the Polish armed forces and Minister of Defence from 1965, President of the Republic from 1985 to 1990; he led the 1981 coup.
• Jeanneney, Jean-Noël (1942-). A French historian, close to the PSF, Junior Minister of External Commerce in the Edith Cresson government (1991-1992) and then Junior Minister of Communication under Pierre Bérégovoy; president of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (2002-07). Co-author with Jacques Julliard of Hubert Beuve-Méry’s biography.
• Julliard, Jacques (1933-). A French journalist and essayist, a historian by training and a former trade union leader; he writes for the weekly Marianne after working for the Nouvel Observateur for a long time. Co-author with Jean-Noël Jeanneney of Hubert Beuve-Méry’s biography.
• Kautsky, Karl (1854-1938). A theoretician and leader of German social democracy and the Second International. During WWI he theorised ‘super-imperialism’ (Ultra-Imperialismus) and came to social imperialism via centrist pacifism.
• Keisen, Hans (1881-1973). An Austrian jurist and one of the greatest democratic theoreticians of law.
• Kennan, George Frost (1904-2005). An American diplomat, he formulated the doctrine of Soviet ‘containment’ in 1947.
• Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894-1971). First Secretary of the CPSU from 1953 to 1964.
• Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna (1872-1952). A Russian revolutionary, she joined the Bolsheviks in 1915, was active in the movement for female emancipation, and was appointed as People’s Commissar for Social Welfare after October 1917.
• Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich (1842-1921). A Russian revolutionary, anthropologist and zoologist, militant and theoretician of anarchy. An interventionist during WWI, he clashed with the Bolsheviks.
• Kroupskaïa, Nadejda Konstantinovna (1869-1939). A Bolshevik militant, she was Lenin’s wife and collaborator. After Lenin’s death she took advantage of her position and sought to support the anti-Stalinist opposition.
• Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902). A German doctor and fiend of Marx and Engels, he took part in the 1848-49 revolution. One of Marx’s regular correspondents from 1862 to 1874 and a member of the International Workingmen’s Association in Hanover, he contributed to the diffusion of Capital in Germany.
• Labriola, Antonio (1843-1904). A professor of philosophy, one of Engels’ correspondents, and an interpreter and diffuser of historical materialism in Italy, he was an exponent of the second Marxist generation.
• Labriola, Arturo (1873-1959). A socialist from 1895 and a revolutionary syndicalist. Interventionist in 1915 and Minister of Labour in 1920; in exile during Fascism and subsequently a member of the Constituent Assembly of Italy.
• Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864). A German socialist and founder of the General German Workers’ Association. In 1862-63 he began negotiations with Bismarck, who was seeking the support of the workers’ party against the liberal bourgeoisie.
• Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) (1870-1924). The theoretician and revolutionary leader of the Bolshevik Party, he developed Marxist science in the imperialist epoch. He led the October Revolution and founded the Third International.
• Lizzani, Carlo (1922-2013). An Italian film director.
• Luxemburg, Rosa (1871-1919). A Marxist theoretician and militant, she disagreed with Lenin over his conception of the Party and the national question; an internationalist and co-founder of the German Communist Party (1918); after an attempted uprising in Berlin, she and Karl Liebknecht were assassinated by soldiers in the service of the social-democratic government.
• Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469-1527). The theoretician and founder of political realism. Author of The Prince (1513).
• Maffi, Bruno (1909-2003). A socialist at the end of the ‘20s, jailed in 1935, he adhered to the Communist Left while in jail; he took part in the foundation of the International Communist Party in 1943 and was a protagonist of the 1952 scission, remaining with Bordiga; from 1953 he was the editor of the Bordigist current newspaper Il Programma Comunista. A well-known translator, not only of Marx’s Capital, but also of British, American and German authors.
• Magnani, Valdo (1912-1982). The political commissar of an Italian partisan brigade, ‘Garibaldi’, which took part in the Yugoslav resistance, and Secretary of the Reggio Emilia PCI federation, he was accused of ‘Titoism’ and left the Party in 1950. Together with Aldo Cucchi he founded the MLI and then joined the PSI. Returning to the PCI, he concerned himself with co-operatives.
• Maitan, Livio (1923-2004). He joined the Fourth International in 1947, was one of its leaders, and founded Bandiera Rossa. Professor of Sociology at the University of Rome, he promoted the publication of many of Trotsky’s writings in Italy.
• Malatesta, Errico (1853-1932). An anarchist, after the Paris Commune he joined the Italian branch of the International and played an active role in Italy and at an international level. In 1913 he founded the newspaper Volontà and in 1920 the first anarchic daily, Umanità Nova. Anti-militarist and anti-interventionist during the world war, he intervened in the occupation of factories; in 1924-26 he published the review Pensiero e Volontà.
• Malenkov, Georgij Maksimilianovi (1902-1988). In the ‘30s he was one of Stalin’s innermost circle. On Stalin’s death he became First Secretary of the Party and Prime Minister until Khrushchev was appointed; he then fell into disgrace.
• Mandel, Ernest (Germain) (1923-1995). A Belgian economist and one of the main leaders of the IV International in the postwar period.
• Mantovani, Mario (1897-1977). An anarchist and printer, he spent the twenty years of Fascism between jail and internal exile. After 8^th September he was the political commissar of the Bruzzi-Malatesta Brigade in Milan. In the postwar period he was a member of the North Italian Libertarian Communist Federation, founded Il Libertario and collaborated with the Cervetto-Masini group; from 1964 to 1968 he was involved in editing and running Umanità Nova.
• Mao Zedong (1893-1976). A Chinese statesman. He became the leader of the CCP in 1935 and led the struggle for liberation from the Japanese; he became the first President of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
• Mariani, Giovanni. An anarchist from Sestri Ponente, during the Resistance he was one of the triumvirate that directed the clandestine committees of trade union agitation. In 1946-47 he led the scission of a group of about twenty revolutionary syndicates, subsequently absorbed into the PCI, in the Sestri Trades Council, of which he would become the Secretary.
• Marshall, George Catlett (1880-1959). An American general, Secretary of State in 1947-49 and Secretary of Defence in 1950-51. His name is linked to the European Recovery Programme (1947).
• Martinet, Gilles (1916-2006). A French socialist, ambassador to Italy (1981-84), and one of the founders of the Parti Socialiste Unitaire.
• Marx, Karl (1818-1883). The revolutionary head of the workers’ movement and the founder, together with Engels, of historical materialism and scientific communism.
• Marzocchi, Umberto (1900-1986). A worker at the La Spezia Arsenal, an anarchist and Secretary of the metalworkers’ union belonging to the Italian Syndicalist Union; he took part in the 1919-1920 workers’ struggles, a period known as the biennio rosso [two red years]. In 1921 he was with the Arditi del Popolo, fighting in the ‘Facts of Sarzana’, one of the rare true battles fought against the Fascist rise to power, in this little town between Liguria and Tuscany. Moving to Savona, in 1922 he was forced to leave Italy for France, where he militated in the anarchist movement. A combatant in Spain and the French Resistance, in 1945 he returned to Savona and was one of the leading exponents of the Italian Anarchist Federation.
• Masini, Pier Carlo (1923-1998). Editor of Umanità Nova and co-founder of GAAP. A historian of the anarchist movement and the author of numerous publications. In 1958-59 he left Azione Comunista, joining first the PSI and then the Social Democratic Party (PSDI).
• Mazzucchelli, Ugo (1903-1997). A commander in the Resistance and a historic exponent of anarchism in Carrara.
• Mehring, Franz (1846-1919). One of the leading publicists of German social democracy, in 1898 he published his History of German Social Democracy and in 1918 Karl Marx: The Story of His Life. One of the exponents of the Spartacus League and the editor of the newspaper Die Internationale.
• Molè, Enrico (1889-1963). A reformist socialist deputy (1921, 1924); after WWII he militated in the Democratic Labour Party and was Minister for Food in the Parri government (1945) and for Education under De Gasperi (1945-46). Senator (1948, 1953, 1958) as a left-wing independent.
• Mollet, Guy (1905-1975). A French socialist and the historic leader of the SFIO; a minister on various occasions in the ‘40s and ‘50s, he supported France’s belonging to the European Defence Community; Prime Minister from 1956 to 1957, he signed the treaties setting up the European Economic Community, gave full power to the army in Algeria, and went to war in Suez alongside the British and the Israelis (October 1956).
• Mussolini, Benito (1883-1945). The founder of Fascism and dictator during the twenty years of Fascist dictatorship.
• Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte) (1769-1821). Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815.
• Nehru Pandit Jawaharlal (1889-1964). An Indian statesman, Secretary of the Congress Party and Prime Minister of independent India from 1947 until his death.
• Nenni, Pietro (1891-1979). The historic head of the postwar PSI, winning the Stalin Prize in 1951, he kept the PSI tied to the PCI in the ‘Popular Front’ and was then the protagonist of the centre-left turnaround in the ‘60s.
• Nitti, Francesco Saverio (1868-1953). Professor of Finance at the University of Naples (1898), an expert on the Southern Italy question and a partisan of State intervention. A Radical deputy from 1904, he was a minister (Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, 1911-14); Treasury, 1917-19) and Prime Minister (1919-20).
• Pablo, Michel (Michalis Raptis) (1911-1996). Greek Trotskyist militant and exile in France, in 1938 he took part in the foundation of the Fourth International, of which he was the Secretary from the postwar period to the ‘60s. He theorised entryism into the Stalinist parties.
• Palmerston, Henry John Temple (1784-1865). An English statesman, first Tory and then among the Whig leaders; Foreign Secretary on various occasions (1830-34, 1835-41 and 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65).
• Pannunzio, Mario (1910-1968). An Italian journalist and liberal politician, founder of Il Mondo in 1949, and Secretary of the Radical Party from 1956 to 1959.
• Parisotto, Piero (Alce) [Moose] (1925-1953). From Savona, he became a member of the PCI Youth Front in 1943 and in 1944 commanded the Patriotic Action Squads’ ‘Gatti’ detachment. In 1946 he left the PCI and, together with Cervetto, promoted the anarchist youth group ‘No gods no masters’. He collaborated with the anarchist press and with organisational and promotional work. He committed suicide in 1953.
• Parodi, Lorenzo (1926-2011). A worker at Ansaldo Meccanico, Genoa, a partisan in the libertarian communist resistance, and a member of the CGIL executive (1956-58). Founder together with Cervetto of Lotta Comunista, a theoretician, labour leader and editor of Lotta Comunista.
• Perrone, Ottorino (Vercesi) (1897-1957). A socialist, he joined the Communist Party of Italy and worked in the federations of Triveneto and L’Aquila (Abruzzo). In 1924 he was in Milan, on the editorial staff of Unità. Taking refuge in Paris in 1926, he contributed to the foundation of the Fraction of the Italian Communist Left; expelled from France, he worked in Belgium in the printers’ union and edited Prometeo and Bilan (1928-38). At the end of the war, he joined the International Communist Party in Brussels and stood alongside Bordiga in its 1952 scission.
• Pinay, Antoine (1891-1994). A French statesman, economist and liberal politician. Prime Minister in 1952 and Finance Minister under de Gaulle from 1958 to 1960, he introduced the revalued franc.
• Pitigrilli (Segre, Dino) (1893-1975). A best-selling author during the Fascist period, he denounced and led to the arrest of most of the Turin Giustizia e Libertà group. He emigrated to Argentina in 1948.
• Pittaluga, Antonio (Tugnin) (1912-1945). An anarchist and former member of the Genoa Nervi PCI, the leader of the anarchist group to which the young Parodi belonged and of a partisan cell. He was killed in combat.
• Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich (1856-1918). The first theoretician of Marxism in Russia, in 1898 he was one of the founders of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. After its second congress (1903), he drew near to the Mensheviks; in February 1917 he backed the Kerensky government and opposed the October Revolution.
• Pleven, René (1901-1993). A French politician and one of the founders of the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR); prime minister (1950-51, 1951-52), his Pleven Plan advocated the setting up of the European Defence Community.
• Preobraženskij, Evgenij Alekseevi (1886-193 7). A Bolshevik from 1904 and an organiser in the Urals and Siberia. A member of the Bolshevik Party Central Committee in 1917 and a leader of the Unified Opposition in 1926, he was expelled from the Party in 1927 and was killed during the Stalinist purges.
• Pressato, Aldo (1929-). A worker at Ansaldo Meccanico, Genoa Sampierdarena and a member of the GAAP factory cell; national leader of Lotta Comunista.
• Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809-1865). A French socialist and founder of anarchism and mutualist philosophy.
• Pyatakov, Yuri (Georgy) Leonidovich (1890-1937). An anarchist in his youth, he adhered to Bolshevism in 1910. The head of the Ukrainian soviet government (1918) and a member of the Bolshevik Party Central Committee in the ‘20s, he held a number of high-level posts. As a leader of the Unified Opposition, he was expelled from the Party (1927) and was killed during the Stalinist purges.
• Radek, Karl (Berngardovich Sobelsohn) (1885-1939). A Bolshevik and leader of the Third International; active in Germany, he took part in the events of the German revolution until 1923. With the Opposition in 1926-28, he was tried and sentenced in 1936 and died in jail.
• Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911-2004). The 40^th US President from 1981 to 1989 and a conservative Republican.
• Renouvin, Pierre (1893-1974). A French historian and founder of the study of international relations.
• Ricci, Ettore (1930-). A shipyard worker, he was a very young libertarian communist messenger in the Resistance. He took part in the founding of GAAP in Sestri Ponente; a member of the Genoese committee of Lotta Comunista.
• Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945). The 32^nd US President from 1932 to 1945 and a Democrat. Together with Churchill and Stalin he took part in the Yalta Conference.
• Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970). A British mathematician and philosopher. Liberal and pacifist.
• Salvatorelli, Luigi (1886-1974). A historian and journalist, in 1949 he collaborated as an editorialist with La Stampa, the Turin newspaper for which he had worked before the Fascist rise to power.
• Scattoni, Ugo (1906-1976). A worker and Roman libertarian communist, active in clandestinity during the twenty years of Fascism and as a partisan in the Trotskyist group ‘Bandiera Rossa’ in Rome. After the congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in Livorno in 1949, he participated in the founding of GAAP and attended the Genoa Pontedecimo Conference in 1951. Editor-in-chief of L’Impulso, he would be a member of the FIOM CGIL central committee.
• Schumacher, Kurt (1895-1952). One of the leading exponents of German social democracy in the post-WWII period and its chairman from 1946 to 1952,
• Schuman, Robert (1886-1963). A French politician, exponent of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire (MRP, right-wing), and a Europhile; promoter of the same-name plan for the constitution of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
• Seniga, Giulio (Nino) (1914-1999). He fought in the Resistance, first as a trade unionist at Alfa Romeo in 1943 and then as the political commissar of the Republic of Ossola Garibaldi Brigade. In the PCI, until 1954 when he left the Party, he was the right-hand man of Pietro Secchia, the person in charge of the Party’s organisation and propaganda section. He supported Azione Comunista, and then published anti-Stalinist material from various political sources through the Azione Comune publishing house. He became a member of the PSI in the ‘60s.
• Sessarego, Agostino (1925-2005). A libertarian communist with Lorenzo Parodi in the Genoa Nervi anarchist group led by Agostino Pittaluga, and a partisan in the Patriotic Action Squads’ ‘Crosa’ Brigade. A worker at Aura, a Nervi-based company in the food sector, he participated in the constitution of GAAP and the Genoa Pontedecimo Conference and would follow Cervetto and Parodi into the Movement of the Communist Left and Lotta Comunista.
• Silone, Ignazio (Secondino Tranquilli) (1900-1978). A writer and socialist, he brought the Socialist Youth Federation into the Communist Party of Italy (1921). At the head of the Party until the end of the ‘20s, he clashed with Togliatti when the latter took his cue from Stalin. Retiring to Switzerland, he remained in the liberal-socialist sphere, wrote the theses of the PSI Third Front, and was the editor of L’Avanti! and Europa Socialista.
• Sinigaglia, Oscar (1877-1953). An engineer, chairman of Ilva (1932-35) and of Finsider after 1945; author of the development plan for a public iron and steel industry with production concentrated in big integrated steelworks near the sea, one of them in Genoa Cornigliano.
• Sola, Elia (1927-1945). A worker and one of Cervetto’s friends and comrades in the Villapiana district (Savona); an amateur boxing champion and partisan in the autonomous groups, he was captured by the Fascists and shot in 1945.
• Spadolini, Giovanni (1925-1994). A historian of the Risorgimento and Giolittism, editor of Corriere della Sera (1968-72); PRI Secretary (1979-87), minister and Prime Minister on various occasions (1981-82).
• Spinelli, Altiero (1907-1986). The founder of the European Federalist Movement in 1948 and a European Commissioner in 1970.
• Stalin (Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (1879-1953). Head of the counter-revolution in the USSR and of Russian State capitalism.
• Steinbeck, John (1902-1968). An American writer and author of realistic novels about the years of the Great Depression, including The Grapes of Wrath.
• Stéphane, Roger (Roger Worms) (1919-1994). A French writer and journalist and a partisan in the PCF ranks, he participated in the foundation of Combat (1942) and was the co-founder of L’Observateur (1950).
• Sweezy, Paul Marlor (1910-2004). A US economist, Harvard professor and editor of the periodical Monthly Review. Author of the essays Theory of Capitalist Development (1942) and, with Paul Baran, of Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order (1966).
• Tasca, Angelo (1892-1960). A socialist and exponent of the span itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PoliticalParty">Ordine Nuovo group, he was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Italy and Secretary of the Turin Trades Council. From 1926 he worked for Comintern in Moscow. Expelled in 1929, he settled in France. In 1950-52 he collaborated with Pannunzio’s Il Mondo and published various political and historical studies.
• Eto Josip Broz (1892-1980). Leader of Yugoslavia from 1945 until his death, he broke with Stalin in 1948; one of the protagonists of the ‘non-aligned’ movement.
• Toccafondo, Vincenzo. Born in 1906, an anarchist in the Genoa Nervi group and a self-taught worker, he participated in the activity of the Libertarian Communist Federation, organised the publication of L’Amico del Popolo after the war and attended anarchist conventions until 1955. For 15 years during the Fascist period he made out a monthly bulletin, L’Antistato, which was handwritten in exercise books and passed from hand to hand.
• Togliatti, Palmiro (1893-1964). PCI Secretary from 1927 until his death. In the ‘30s he became one of the top leaders of the Stalinist International and was its co-ordinator in Spain during the civil war. On his return to Italy, he announced the ‘Salerno turnaround’ and participated in the national unity governments from 1944 to 1947. He backed Stalinist politics in the ‘Cold War’ years, the condemnation of Tito and the Russian intervention in Hungary in 1956.
• Trotsky, Leon (Ev Davidovich Bronshtein) (1879-1940). An internationalist revolutionary and Bolshevik leader, the creator of the Red Army.
• Truman, Harry Spencer (1884-1972). The 33^rd US President (1945-53) and a Democrat; his name is linked with the first period of the ‘Cold War’.
• Turroni, Pio (1906-1982). An anarchist, he fled abroad in 1923; in France he was the co-publisher of Edizioni Libertarie, and in the Spanish Civil War he fought in the Ascaso Column. He returned to Italy in 1943 and became the editor of Volontà in 1946. In 1950 he founded L’Antistato together with Gigi Damiani and shortly afterwards the same-name publishing group, of which he was the manager until 1970. In 1965 he was one of the founders of the Anarchist Initiative Groups.
• Varga, Eugen Samuilovich (1879-1964). A Hungarian economist and one of the founders of IMEMO, the Moscow-based Institute of World Economy and International Relations, he became a Stalinist.
• Vignale Mario (1923-1996). He took part in the workers’ strikes after WWI and in the antifascist struggle in the ranks of the PCI. He joined GAAP after the 1951 Pontedecimo Conference. A textile worker in Lavagna, he was the author of shop floor correspondence in Il Libertario, L’Impulso and Azione Comunista. He participated in the work of the Leninist group within the Movement of the Communist Left and then in Lotta Comunista.
• Vinazza, Aldo (1926-1995). A libertarian communist and worker at the Ansaldo Fossati ammunition factory in Sestri Ponente, he took part in the 1944 strikes and the April 1945 uprising. He was the point of reference for the Genoa Sestri GAAP, and carried out trade union activity in the CGIL. After the Genoa Pontedecimo Conference, he was charged with organisation and communications on behalf of the GAAP National Committee. He collaborated with L’Impulso, Il Libertario and Azione Comunista. In the following years he devoted himself to trade union activity (UIL) and collaborated occasionally with Lotta Comunista on trade union themes, under the pseudonym of Aldo Genovese.
• Vittorini, Elio (1908-1966). An Italian writer, in 1942 he moved closer to the PCI and took part in the Resistance; editor of the periodical Il Politecnico in 1945-47, he drew away from the PCI in 1951. He worked for Einaudi and Mondadori.
• Wehner, Herbert (1906-1990). A leader of German social democracy. A member of the German Communist Party, he fled to Moscow in 1937 and worked in the Stalinist Comintern. In 1946 he joined the German Social Democratic Party and was one of the architects of the 1958 Bad Godesberg ‘turnaround’.
• Yoshida, Shigeru (1878-1967). A key figure in postwar Japanese politics, Prime Minister (1946-47, 1948-54) and Foreign Minister (1945-47, 1948-54). His policy, based on economic internationalisation while keeping a low profile as a power, is known as the ‘Yoshida Doctrine’.
• Zinoviev (Radomyslovsky Apfelbaum), Grigory Yevseevich (1883-1936). A Bolshevik leader, he joined the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party in 1901; after the 1905 Revolution he played an active role in St. Petersburg and then followed Lenin as an émigré (1907) and was a spokesman of the Zimmerwald Left together with him. Returning to Russia after February 1917, he was the party leader in St. Petersburg and head of the Third International in 1919-26. He opposed Stalin and then capitulated; he was shot in 1936.