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Stati Uniti da sempre contrari alla disgregazione sovietica


Arrigo Cervetto (ottobre 1991)
Pubblicato per la prima volta su Lotta Comunista, N° 254


Nell'autunno del 1989 "Foreign Affairs" traccia un bilancio del trattato nazi-sovietico stipulato nell'estate del 1939. E' un bilancio tanto interessante quanto interessato, perché mette in luce i punti fondamentali della strategia americana che troveranno terreno d'applicazione nel corso della guerra.

Una guerra tra Germania e potenze occidentali appariva, secondo la rivista, all'URSS di Stalin come la migliore prospettiva per una espansione di potenza. L'autore non accetta la versione secondo la quale il Patto è una necessaria mossa di difesa. Sostenere il contrario è difficile quando si afferma che Stalin non calcola che Hitler ha l'intenzione, in un secondo tempo, di invadere l'URSS.

I conti strategici non tornano se non si tiene conto di ciò che la rivista statunitense dice del Giappone. Non è da escludere l'ipotesi che Tokyo ricerchi un'alleanza contro Mosca e non un'alleanza con la Germania contro la Gran Bretagna e la Francia, le quali sarebbero state appoggiate da Washington.

Certamente, un'alleanza contro l'Unione Sovietica copriva le spalle del Giappone nella sua spedizione al Sud, ma per ottenere questo risultato il Giappone ha dovuto raggiungere un patto di non aggressione, un atto diplomatico che è poco meno di un'alleanza.

Tokyo aveva già diviso la Cina e creato lo Stato di Manciuria, oltre gli Stati del Sud-Est asiatico, quello dell'arcipelago indonesiano in primo luogo.

Washington si impegnava, contro la presenza giapponese, nel mantenimento dell'unità della Cina e dell'URSS, specie delle repubbliche asiatiche più sensibili all'autonomia.

Michel Khoundadze, in uno studio attento al menscevismo georgiano ("La révolution de fevrier 1917", Anthropos-Economica) osserva:

«Il 21 gennaio 1921 la Georgia fu infine riconosciuta de jure dalle grandi potenze, salvo che dagli Stati Uniti che all'epoca difendevano ancora il punto di vista della necessità del mantenimento dell'unità della Russia».

L'appoggio alla secessione della Georgia era dato dalle potenze europee e, di conseguenza, la politica americana veniva a scontrarsi, su questo punto, con la politica inglese e con quella francese.

Irwin M. Wall ("L'influence americaine sur la politique française 1945-1954", Balland) riferisce che:

«Alla conferenza di Teheran, che riunì i tre Grandi nel novembre 1943, Stalin e Roosevelt furono d'accordo nel considerare che, nel dopoguerra, la Francia non avrebbe potuto ritrovare il suo rango di grande potenza. Agli occhi di Stalin il regime di Vichy rappresentava la "vera" Francia. De Gaulle? Era "un sogno"».

Stalin tende ad emarginare la Francia, lasciandola in eredità a Petain. Per opposte ragioni Churchill cerca di inserire De Gaulle nel gioco dei Grandi.

Secondo "Foreign Affairs" Mosca conserva un ruolo dato che gli Stati Uniti considerano l'URSS come contrappeso ad un possibile aggressore in Asia e in Europa.

Roosevelt non credeva nella forza di un grande esercito francese ed aveva tentato di avvisare Stalin dei pericoli di un allineamento tra Unione Sovietica e Germania. Del resto il giudizio americano implica una costante, ed è quella del mantenimento dell'unità politica dell'Unione Sovietica.

Henry Kissinger è contrario a una centralizzazione eccessiva, ma ancora di più ad una dissoluzione dell'URSS. La soluzione migliore sarebbe, a suo parere, una Confederazione tra Russia, Bielorussia, Kazakistan e Ucraina, alla quale potrebbero unirsi le altre repubbliche, se lo vorranno.

Il controllo delle armi nucleari da parte di un'unico centro di potere sarebbe la soluzione migliore, ma non devono essere autorizzate ad usare il pugno di ferro contro le repubbliche. Il problema non è tanto se le armi nucleari siano sotto un comando unificato, ma se questo sia sottoposto ad una leadership politica affidabile.

I timori di Kissinger vanno diritti al cuore dell'oscillazione dell'Ucraina.

Non è chiaro cosa vuole fare l'Ucraina delle armi nucleari, della quota di debito estero e della quota delle riserve dell'Unione Sovietica. L'Ucraina sarebbe disposta a pagare la sua parte di debito estero se potesse disporre di una parte di riserve auree e valutarie.

Posizioni di questo tipo non sono prese in considerazione dalle banche internazionali, dal Fondo Monetario Internazionale e da altri enti.

Rimane, piuttosto, la probabile formazione di un esercito ucraino da giocare in contrappeso a russi, polacchi e tedeschi. La prima disgregazione dell'Unione Sovietica darebbe vita ad una potenza demografica e militare paragonabile alla Francia.

L'Ucraina può essere tentata ad usare la carta di mezzo milione di soldati per ricavarsi uno spazio nel sistema degli Stati, uno spazio che si può aprire solo se altre potenze europee lo vogliono.

George Bush, tempo fa, ammonì i cittadini di Kiev a non compiere il suicidio della separazione. Il futuro chiarirà le tendenze in corso. Del resto, gli Stati Uniti sono impegnati a mantenere assieme l'Unione Sovietica anche con nome nuovo.

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