Internationalism Number 86

No. 86, April 2026

Title	Author	Page
Cyberspace and the Digital: Between Productive Forces and Ideologies		Page 1
Strategic Confusion Surrounding the Strait of Hormuz		Page 2
European news Forward Deterrence for European Imperialism		Page 3
American Improvisation and the Third Gulf War		Pages 4 and 5
Europe’s Armed Non-Belligerence in the Gulf		Page 6
Industry and pharmaceuticals Innovation Incubators		Page 7
Spain 1936 Revolutionary Spain		Page 8
Pages from the history of the worker’s movement The Murder of Luxemburg and Liebknecht		Page 9
The world energy battle Nuclear Energy and the Power Grid		Page 8
Major industrial groups in China China’s Electromechanical Champions		Page 9
Europe Passes the Mercosur Test		Page 10
Battles of Monetary Power		Page 11
Chronicles of the new American nationalism The Pluralism of the Supreme Court		Page 12
India’s Moment in the Race for Agreements		Page 13
The telecommunications battle NVIDIA		Page 14
Atom and industrialisation of science Uranium for the Russian Bomb		Page 15
A Decade of Imbalances		Page 16
Special issue:
Principles of Marxism The Need for Theoretical Rearmament		Page I
Principles of Marxism Marx’s Political Method		Page II
Principles of Marxism The Method of Strategy		Page III
Principles of Marxism The Double Nature of American Exceptionalism		Page IV

Other issues

The EU Commission Plans for Rearmament and a Clean Industrial Deal

Internationalism No. 71, January 2025 Page 2 From the series European news Following the European elections which took place on June 6th - 9th, the leaders of the Member States met on June 27th at the European Council. Ursula von der Leyen was nominated as president of the next European Commission, after she was chosen as the European People’s Party’s (EPP) Spitzenkandidat (“leading candidate”). The agreement also included the election of former Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa as president of the European Council, and the appointment of former Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Subsequently, on July 18th, Parliament elected von der Leyen as president of the Commission by an absolute majority, with 401 votes out of 719 MEPs. On September 17th, von der Leyen presented her team of commissioners to the European Parliament and, two days later, the Council adopted this list of...

Lotta Comunista: The Origins 1943-1952

Guido La Barbera Contents 9. Preface to the English Edition 13. Preface 19. Useful dates 21. Chapter One «ONE OUGHT TO KNOW WITH WHOM ONE IS DEALING» 25. The balance-of-power theory 27. Theory and the ‘strategy-party’ 29. Chapter Two THE FOUNDRY AND THE PARTISAN STRUGGLE 31. The Savona group 39. Passion disciplined by reason 40. Never again a tool in the hands of others 41. The Genoa group 46. The Sestri Ponente group 48. The groups in Rome and Tuscany 52. The strength of GAAP: ‘only a handful’ 55. Chapter Three LIBERTARIAN COMMUNISM: A DIFFERENT KIND OF COMMUNISM 58. Reckoning with Bordiga ...

Historical Constants and Strategic Surprise

The Strategic Surprise of the Agreement between Beijing and Tehran and the Suggestion of a Six-Power Concert The agreement between Beijing and Tehran falls under the definition of strategic surprise , i.e., events that entirely appertain to the political realm and mark a change or an about-turn in the balance among the powers. New alliances, the breakdown of alliances, the overturning of coalitions, diplomatic openings or unexpected military sorties: these are the regular novelties of international politics that Arrigo Cervetto wrote about. However, if the agreement was an unforeseeable event in itself, the long-term objective economic and political trends. that have determined it and made it possible are entirely investigable. The invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR at the end of December 1979 was interpreted by the United States as a potential threat to the oil routes of the Persian Gulf, and it was a contemporary revival of the Great Game , which had set the British Empire agai...

The Works of Marx and Engels and the Bolshevik Model

Internationalism Pages 12–13 In the autumn of 1895 Lenin commented on the death of Friedrich Engels: "After his friend Karl Marx (who died in 1883), Engels was the finest scholar and teacher of the modern proletariat in the whole civilised world. […] In their scientific works, Marx and Engels were the first to explain that socialism is not the invention of dreamers, but the final aim and necessary result of the development of the productive forces in modern society. All recorded history hitherto has been a history of class struggle, of the succession of the rule and victory of certain social classes over others. And this will continue until the foundations of class struggle and of class domination – private property and anarchic social production – disappear. The interests of the proletariat demand the destruction of these foundations, and therefore the conscious class struggle of the organised workers must be directed against them. And every class strugg...

LIBERTARIAN COMMUNISM: A DIFFERENT KIND OF COMMUNISM

Chapter Three LIBERTARIAN COMMUNISM: A DIFFERENT KIND OF COMMUNISM An examination of the debate within the groups that were to create GAAP (Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action) gives a vivid picture of the problems that between 1948 and 1951 had to be slowly and painfully faced. Three major confrontations, progressively more serious, took place between Cervetto and Masini in the autumn of 1949 and again in the spring and autumn of 1950. As preparations were being made for the National Conference at Pontedecimo – from which GAAP would be born – debate on the nature of the organisation and on theories of the State and imperialism began to define the characteristics of the new political group, but also revealed the differences. The first step had been to look for ‘a different kind’ of communism in anarchism. Along this road Cervetto , with an ever-surer grasp, would raise the issue that had been first posed by Marx and Lenin : our militant...

AI Bubble and Debt Fuse

Internationalism No. 83, January 2026 Page 11 The artificial intelligence (AI) bubble is receiving a growing amount of attention. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) , in its December quarterly magazine, offers both reassurance and caution. It appreciates the strong earnings of the sector, which, in reality, presented mixed results in the third quarter, with a few business groups advancing and others treading water, while one of the frontrunners, OpenAI, forecasts losses until 2030. It was Nvidia, with its strong profits, that revived the sector's euphoria. After three years of acceleration, which raised the weight of the Magnificent Seven from 20% to 35% on Wall Street, the BIS sees signs of a retrenchment due to wariness about stretched valuations and episodes of volatility . It considers the optimistic expectations to be well-founded and, in this respect, the AI trend – which the bank never refers to as a bubble – is d...

India’s Weaknesses in the Global Spotlight

Farmers’ protests around New Delhi have been going on for four months now. A controversial intervention by the Supreme Court has suspended the implementation of the new agticultural laws, but has raised questions about the dynamics between the judiciary and the executive, and has failed to unblock the negotiations between government and peasant organisations. The assault by Sikh farmers on the Red Fort during the Republic Day parade as India was displaying its military might to the outside world — the Chinese Global Times maliciously noted — paradoxically widened the protest in the huge state of Uttar Pradesh. The Modi government has been trying to revive India’s image with the 2021 Union Budget: it announced one hundred privatisations and approved the increase to 75% of the limit on direct foreign investment in insurance companies. For The Indian Express ( IEX ) this is a sign of the commitment to push ahead with reforms despite the backlash from rural India. Also for The Economi...

The Social Cost of Motorisation

Internationalism No. 82, December 2025 Page 12 From the series The world car battle The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society [Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party ]. The cost of car accidents According to the World Health Organization report of December 13 th , 2023, over 1.2 million people die in road accidents worldwide every year, with car crash casualties outnumbering those of armed conflicts. The Armed Conflict Location and Event Data report, published by The Washington Post on December 12 th , 2024, estimates that at least 233,000 people were killed in wars in 2024. On roads worldwide a massacre is underway—the cost of which, according to the report by the Safety Insights Explorer of the International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP), is $3.6 trillion per year, equivalent to over 3% of g...

The SPD Guarantor of State Continuity

Internationalism No. 82, December 2025 Page 6 From the series Pages from the history of the workers’ movement The role of soldiers in the German Revolution must also be considered from the perspective of the relative stability of the German State compared to the Russian one. Lenin emphasised this on several occasions: in Germany, bourgeois rule was much more firmly established than in Russia, because capitalism was more advanced and the State rested on stronger economic and social foundations. In Germany, therefore, the class party was confronted with the unprecedented task — which remains so even today — of seizing power in a mature imperialist metropolis. The German Revolution brought about the collapse of the Hohenzollern empire, but the rupture was accompanied by bourgeois forces safeguarding class dominance thanks to political forms more suited to the imperialist era. First among these forces was the Social Democratic ...

China’s Electromechanical Champions

Internationalism No. 85, March 2026 Page 9 From the series Major industrial groups in China Analysing the WTO data for 2023, it emerges that China exported goods worth $3,379 billion, surpassing the European Union and the United States. Industrial machinery accounted for over 7% of exports and electrical machinery 9%. In the same sectors, Chinese imports did not reach 40% of the value of exports, indicating that these are among the pillars of Beijing’s export economy. Sany Heavy Industry In this newspaper we have already examined the Chinese mechanical engineering giant Sinomach. But in the field of machine construction, Sany Heavy Industry also holds a prominent position, particularly in excavators, cranes, industrial elevators, and cement machinery. The company, based in Changsha (Hunan) since 1991, was founded by Liang Wengen, who had previously been an executive at a State-owned arms factory, and is its main shareholder. Sany had a 2023 turnover...

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